Tag: grey leaf spot

Stacking the Deck to Manage Corn-On-Corn Diseases

Andrew Kness, Agriculture Agent
University of Maryland Extension, Harford County

Given current commodity prices, growers may be considering increased corn acreage. Continuous corn presents additional risks in terms of disease that you need to proactively manage. Here are some points to consider so that you can try to stack the deck in your favor in case conditions become favorable for pathogens that threaten corn yields.

Here in our region of the world, we typically have plenty of humidity and moisture that favor disease development in our crops. Furthermore, our most common and potentially most severe yield-limiting diseases, such as grey leaf spot (GLS), northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) (Figure 1), as well as stalk rots, are residue-borne and overwinter in corn stover. The following are points to consider for disease management in a corn-on-corn system:

  • Variety Selection: You can do yourself a big favor right off the bat by selecting hybrids that have good stalk integrity ratings and resistance to NCLB and GLS. Genetic resistance is one of the most cost-effective ways to manage disease. If you’re planting corn into corn, especially in a reduced or no-till situation, place hybrids with good NCLB and GLS resistance in these fields and save your more susceptible hybrids for fields that have lower disease potential (for example, after soybeans).
  • Residue Management: Several pathogens of corn survive and overwinter in corn residue; therefore, residue is the primary source of infection. Not surprisingly, more corn residue present on the soil surface means that the following corn crop is at a higher risk of developing these diseases. While no-till and reduced-till systems afford us many benefits in crop production, harboring pathogen inoculum is one of the drawbacks. Chopping and sizing corn residue in the fall into smaller pieces can help accelerate its decomposition and may reduce inoculum (spores) slightly at best. In order to reduce inoculum significantly, more aggressive tillage is necessary to bury the residue. If you’re trying to build soil health and utilize no-till or reduced tillage, this may not be an option and you will need to make sure you are doing a good job in all other areas of disease management.
  • Planting: Getting planting equipment and planting conditions correct is important, especially for seedling and root-rotting diseases of corn. Ensure you’re achieving proper planting depth, as the longer the seed sits in the ground, the more prone it will be to rot and dampen off. Soil temperature is important for getting the seedings off to a quick start, so it is advisable to wait until soil temperatures are at least 50 degrees and rising to plant; this is especially important for corn-on-corn. Fields with reduced tillage, cover crops, and substantial cover will warm up slower than tilled fields or fields with less cover (i.e. last year’s soybean fields). You may consider planting corn in last year’s bean fields first, then your corn after corn fields to ensure soils are warm enough for rapid and uniform emergence. Additionally, do not push plant populations too high, as excessive plant populations can cause dense canopy humidity which favors disease development and can stress plants if nutrients and/or water become limiting, which will predispose plants to pathogen infection.
  • Seed Treatments: Nearly all commercial corn hybrids come pre-treated with seed treatments, which typically contain a fungicide. These fungicides will provide some protection from many seed and root-rotting pathogens for about two weeks.
  • Weather and Scouting: Weather plays a crucial  role in disease development. Cool, saturated soils in the spring favor the development of our seed and root-rotting diseases. Moisture, humidity and excessive leaf wetness, coupled with moderate to warm temperatures favor the development of NCLB and GLS (64-81°F for NCLB, 70-90°F favor GLS). Both of these pathogens will infect susceptible and moderately susceptible hybrids throughout the growing season as long as the weather is conducive for their development; however, you want to keep an eye on them as to where their lesions are present on the plant. Infections on the lower leaves have no impact on yield; however, if they infect the ear leaf and above, there is a potential for significant yield reduction. Scout your fields at least weekly as plants approach tasseling to make sure NCLB and GLS are not encroaching on the ear leaf. Look for the presence of lesions as shown in Figure 1. If infections are approaching the ear leaf, then you may want to consider a fungicide application.
  • Fungicides: Fungicides can be an important management tool for foliar fungal pathogens, in particular NCLB and GLS. If temperatures remain between 65-90°F in conjunction with high humidity and excessive leaf wetness as the plants approach reproductive stages, then a fungicide application around tasseling (VT) may be beneficial to protect yield. Determining whether a fungicide application will be economically beneficial is the difficult part, and knowing your cost of application can help you make a decision so that you know how many bushels you need in return to pay for the fungicide. There have been hundreds of University fungicide trials conducted on corn over the years, and less than 50% of the time are fungicide applications economical. It is important to realize that there are conditions where a fungicide application is more likely to pay; they are: 1.) Applied at VT to a susceptible or moderately susceptible corn hybrid, 2.) Corn-on-corn, especially in no-till fields, 3.) environmental conditions are favorable for disease development (warm, humid, and leaf wetness) at the time around VT.There is also interest in applying fungicides for perceived stalk strength benefits. In general, fungicides will not improve stalk strength directly, rather indirectly by managing foliar diseases. Stalk rots are strongly correlated to disease severity on the flag leaf. When photosynthetic area of the flag leaf is reduced due to pathogen lesions on the leaves, the corn plant cannibalizes the carbohydrates stored in its stalk in order to fill the grain, thereby compromising stalk integrity. Therefore, if you keep the ear leaf clean, you will greatly reduce stalk rots and improve standability, which is where fungicides can help. This is why it is important to scout your fields, look for disease, then determine if a fungicide application is warranted.

Planting corn after corn poses additional risks that favor the development of disease in your crop. By talking into account these steps, hopefully you can better manage your crop and put more dollars in the bank.

Corn Disease Updates

Alyssa Koehler, Extension Plant Pathologist
University of Delaware

The beginning of this year was very conducive for Pythium species. Seed treatments typically have efficacy for about two weeks. In many cases this year, stands came up well, but then suffered from post-emergent damping off or stunted, slower growing plants following favorable environmental conditions for disease 3-4 weeks after planting (Figure 1). Infected plants typically have a brown to rotted mesocotyl when dug up (Figure 2). In severely infected plants, the top of the plant may become completely separated, resulting in death of the plant. In less severe conditions, the plant is able to set new brace roots and continue growing. Damping off from Pythium is common in low field areas that hold more moisture, but wet, cool spring conditions favored development across entire fields this season.

corn dying in field caused by pythium
Figure 1. Damping-off of corn caused by Pythium (Photo A. Koehler).

Over the past few weeks, corn has been growing well and we are now beginning to see some foliar diseases. Reside-borne leaf diseases like Grey Leaf Spot (GLS) and Northern Corn Leaf Blight (NCLB) are common across our area. It is possible to select hybrids with good/excellent resistance to these diseases, which will reduce the amount of foliar disease observed. Resistant hybrids typically have smaller lesions and reduced spread of spores. Continuous corn, no/minimal till systems, rainy weather or heavy and high plant populations can all create environments that favor foliar disease development.

corn disease symptoms
Figure 2 (left). Corn plant with brown mesocotyl tissue due to Pythium (Photo A. Koehler). Figure 3 (middle). Young Grey Leaf Spot Lesions and Figure 4 (right). Northern Corn Leaf Blight lesions (Photos N. Gregory).

Grey Leaf Spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis has begun to show up in fields. Under favorable conditions, this disease can significantly reduce yields. GLS usually begins on lower leaves with small, tan, rectangular lesions with a yellow halo (Figure 3). When lesions are young, they can be difficult to distinguish from other common corn foliar diseases. At maturity, lesions are grey to tan in color, with a long rectangular shape; partially resistant hybrids can have more jagged margins than lesions on susceptible cultivars. Northern Corn Leaf Blight has not been as common yet this year. Symptoms from this disease are long, tan to grey lesions that become oblong to “cigar-shaped” with age (Figure 4). For both of these diseases, lesions can coalesce to form large necrotic areas and yield reductions are often observed when lesions are present on the two leaves below the ear leaf of higher.

If applying a fungicide, application is typically recommended at VT/R1 timing for greatest chance of economic return. As a general threshold, if 50% of plants have lesions on the third leaf below the ear or higher prior to tasseling, a spray may be considered. Other considerations when making a fungicide application include hybrid susceptibility, environmental conditions, grain prices, and cost of application. The Fungicide Efficacy for Control of Corn Diseases table prepared by the Corn Disease Working Group provides information on fungicide efficacy for various corn diseases (https://crop-protection-network.s3.amazonaws.com/publications/cpn-2011-corn-fungicide-efficacy-for-control-of-corn-diseases.pdf).