Tag: weeds

Impact of Winter Cover Crop Termination Practices on Weeds, Soil Moisture, and Yield in No-Till Soybean

Alan Leslie*, Armando Rosario-Lebron, Veronica L. Yurchak, Guihua Chen & Cerruti Hooks
University of Maryland, Department of Entomology
*University of Maryland Extension, Charles County

Farmers’ decisions about when and how to terminate their cover crops can enhance, decrease, or have no effect on weed establishment in the following crop. Winter cover crops are typically terminated with a burn-down herbicide during early to late spring, which also kills any germinated weeds before planting the cash crop. A residual herbicide is often included as a tank-mix to provide some protection from future weed germination. This practice provides weed suppression through cover cropping and herbicide usage. However, timing of cover crop termination can affect weed populations by influencing cover crop biomass and the amount of residue that remains on the soil surface.

Delaying cover crop termination has the potential to improve weed suppression through greater cover crop biomass accumulation. However, this delay can negatively affect the subsequent cash crop if the growing cover crops deplete soil moisture with increased evapotranspiration. As such, effects of cover crop termination date on weed management must take into account its impact on soil water availability. The Maryland Department of Agriculture’s cover crop program includes a new incentive for the 2019/2020 cover crop season called the Extended Season option. This new incentive encourages late termination by paying farmers an additional $15 per acre when they agree to terminate their cover crops after May 1. However, concerns about soil moisture and yield of the following soybean crop may keep some farmers from participating in this program.

Field experiments were conducted at two sites in Maryland in 2013 and 2014 to examine how varying the termination date and method of barley cover crop affects the weed community, soil moisture and yield in the following no-till soybean crop. This experiment compared four treatments: (1) early-kill with burn-down and residual herbicides (EK), (2) late- kill with burn-down and residual herbicides (LK), (3) late-kill with a flail mower and residual herbicides (FM), (4) and a fallow/bare-ground check with burn-down and residual herbicides (BG). Terminating the barley late or just prior to soybean planting resulted in significantly greater barley biomass accumulation in LK and FM than EK (Table 1).

Table 1. Mean cover crop or winter weed biomass at time of herbicide burn-down or flail mowing.

1EK = early kill, LK = late kill, FM = flail mow, BG = bare-ground. 2Different letters indicate statistically significant difference (P < 0.05).

Weed density, soil coverage and species diversity were measured to determine effects of cover crop management tactics on weed suppression. Weed growth measurements were conducted after soybeans reached the early vegetative growth stage and continued until soybean canopy closure. Soil moisture was measured throughout the season at Beltsville using electrical resistance sensors to determine the effect of cover crop management on soil moisture dynamics. Soybeans were harvested using small plot combines. Weed composition, in terms of species and their relative abundances, was similar between study sites. There were 16 weed species identified at each site; the most abundant grass weeds at both sites were large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica). The most abundant broadleaf weed at Beltsville was white clover (Trifolium repens), while white clover was second in abundance to carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata) in Upper Marlboro. The EK treatment had the greatest weed coverage (Fig. 1). In Upper Marlboro, total weed coverage was greater in EK than FM or LK treatments and more grass weeds were found in EK than LK plots (Fig. 2a). In Beltsville, BG had significantly more annual broadleaf weeds than FM or LK treatments (Fig. 2b). However, the number of perennial weeds was similar among treatments (Fig. 2c).

Figure 1. Mean percent weed coverage at Beltsville during 2013 and 2014. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments.

Soil moisture levels fluctuated with rainfall events throughout the growing season, and appeared to show a response to increased water demand of soybean plants following canopy closure both years. There was no significant effect of treatment either before or after canopy closure on soil moisture either year. Similarly, soybean yields were similar among all treatments.

Figure 2. Mean weed counts from quadrat samples. Values are pooled across both years. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) between treatments (A) or between treatment/site combinations (B).

In summary, the EK treatment had the lowest cover crop biomass and the highest weed pressure among treatments. However, increased biomass in LK and FM did not result in better weed suppression than the BG treatment, and there were no differences in weed pressure between LK and FM. Method and timing of termination had no significant effect on soil moisture or yield. Results from this experiment suggest that mechanically terminating a cover crop can be as effective as using a burn-down herbicide for managing weeds in a subsequent soybean crop if a residual herbicide is used, and that delaying cover crop termination or herbicide application until just prior to soybean planting can result in reduced weed pressure during the season.

Soybean farmers in Maryland generally kill their cover crop early partially out of concern that cover crops will dry out soils ahead of planting the next crop. During this experiment, there was no evidence of lower soil moisture or suppressive effects on soybean emergence, growth, or yield in cover crop treatments terminated late. From the perspective of weed management, these results encourage cover crop management strategies that delay termination until just prior to planting the soybean crop. As such, results from this study show that timing of cover crop termination is important for managing weeds and that in some instances mechanical termination of cover crops may substitute chemical termination without a loss in weed suppression benefits. Although this may not be true under all growing conditions, the best practice for weed management among methods tested during this study is using a combination of narrow row spacing and terminating the cover crop as late as possible, as this provides the best opportunity for preventing the need for further herbicide applications later in the season. Results of this study show that farmers can opt-in to the Maryland Department of Agriculture’s new Extended Season incentive without expecting negative impacts on soybean growth or yield.

For more details: view the full-text article in the Crop Protection Journal (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.10.020).

Acknowledgements

We thank crews at the Upper Marlboro and Beltsville Research and Education Centers for logistics in establishing field trials. This work was supported by Hatch Project No. MD-ENTO-9107/project accession no. 227029 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Maryland Soybean Board and USDA NIFA EIPM number 2017-70006-27171.

Herbicide Options for Monsoon Season

By Matt Morris, Agriculture Extension Educator
University of Maryland Extension, Frederick County
mjmorris@umd.edu

While I am usually very cautious to complain about the rain, enough is enough! There isn’t one farm in this State that isn’t weeks behind because of our recent weather. Most all the hay is nearing straw quality and there’s still a good amount of corn that is yet to be planted. Not to mention the sheer number of soybean acres that haven’t gone in the ground. One thing this weather has done a good job of is ruining the best laid herbicide plans for corn and soybeans. I’ll outline some scenarios and what post-emergence options you might have.

Let’s say you planted corn May 15th and were planning to spray after you planted, but before the plants emerged. Then it started raining. Now your corn is up and at the V3 or V4 stage (3 or 4 visible leaf collars). Weeds are emerged and racing the corn. The obvious go-to would traditionally have been glyphosate (RoundUp) for tolerant corn varieties. However, in the day and age of herbicide resistance this probably won’t be enough. For tough to control broadleaf weeds I’d suggest throwing a product like Status or Diflexx Duo in with your glyphosate to pick up weeds like marestail, lambsquarter, or pigweeds. These are “safened” dicamba products. The caution is that these products cannot be applied to corn before the V2 stage. Also remember, most herbicides have a maximum height for application ranging anywhere from V2-V8.

You’ll also want to think about throwing a residual product in the tank since we missed that before planting. This is where atrazine or S-metolachlor (Dual) can work well. Atrazine can help control a lot of our broadleaf weeds and works really well on morning glory if you have pressure in your fields. S-metolachlor won’t kill emerged weeds, but will keep any small seeded weeds from germinating for several weeks. A word of caution: atrazine cannot be applied to corn greater than 12” in height. S-metolachlor has a maximum application height of 40”.

Soybeans present a much more challenging problem due to herbicide resistant broadleaf weeds and their widespread prevalence in the area. Here’s our first scenario: You sprayed a combination of burndown and residual herbicides on May 15th with hopes to plant that weekend. Then it started raining. You still can’t get into the field to plant. Whatever you do, resist the temptation to plant without another residual application. If you can’t, the weeds will come up long before your crop can canopy. You may need to go back in with a product like S-metolachlor, metribuzin, or Valor to hold weeds back until the crop canopies. If you need another burndown because weeds are emerged, adding in a product like paraquat with your residual can help. The key is starting clean. A word of caution: most herbicides have a maximum application rate per season so read the label to make sure you don’t exceed that amount.

Here’s the second scenario: you planted soybeans on May15th and planned to come in and spray the next day. Then it started raining. Now your soybeans are up and no burndown or residual herbicides were applied. The first thing to do is remember that most all of our marestail are glyphosate and ALS (Firstrate, Synchrony, Raptor, etc.) resistant so I will not consider them here. That being said there are areas they still may work, but I caution against them being used alone. Post-emergence options are limited and work best on 4” or smaller weeds. The PPO herbicides like Reflex or Blazer can be applied post-emergence for small, annual broadleaf weeds, but can cause minor crop injury. Since there was no opportunity to apply a residual herbicide it may be a good idea to include S-metolachlor or Zidua to try and hold back any weeds yet to germinate. Zidua must be applied by the 3rd trifoliate growth stage.

If you planted dicamba tolerant soybeans or Liberty-Link soybeans they can provide excellent post-emergent weed control. Again, I caution using dicamba or Liberty on weeds greater than 4” or in the tank alone as that is the path to herbicide resistance.

There are a million different scenarios you can be faced with in the field and we’re dealing with Mother Nature. That means we can still get rains delaying us even further. If you have questions about your options don’t hesitate to give your local Extension office a call and one of us can work up something specific for your scenario.

 

Matt Morris
301-600-3578
mjmorris@umd.edu